Chicago & Turabian Style basic guidelines for and examples of citations

Chicago for over 30 years, developed her guide for students and researchers
writing papers, theses, and dissertations. Her manual is based on the
University of Chicago Press’s Manual of Style and
departs from it in few places. “Turabian,” as her guide is called,
synthesizes the rules most important for students’ papers and other scholarly
research not intended for publication, and omits some of the publishing details
and options that “Chicago” provides. For web-based and electronic
resources, this guide followed examples and rules from Chicago Style, because
Turabian has not been revised recently enough to include this information.

Choose Between Two Citation Systems

Both
Chicago and Turabian styles allow you to choose between two systems of providing
references:

1.
Notes
and bibliography: numbered
footnotes or endnotes in your text, with Bibliography or Works Cited list at
the end of the paper, listing alphabetically the sources in your notes.

2.
In-text
author-date citations and reference list: in your text, brief parenthetical references
consisting of the author’s last name, publication year, and page(s) referred
to, with an alphabetized Reference List at the end of your paper providing
complete entries for works cited in parenthetical references.

Ask
you instructor which he or she prefers you to use. The principle differences
between the systems are the placement of references in the text, the placement
of dates in your references, and capitalization of titles. Whichever system you
choose, be consistent in applying it throughout the paper.

Notes and Bibliography Citation System

Note
numbers are
superscript in Turabian style, but regular numbers followed by a period and
space are preferred in Chicago. See first example below. In all other examples
we will use Turabian superscript style.

Edna Erez,
“Domestic Violence and the Criminal Justice System: An
Overview,” Online
Journal of Issues in Nursing 7, no. 1 (January 2002), http://www.nursingworld.org/ojin/ topic17/tpc17_3.htm
(accessed March 22, 2004).

without
page numbers:

Erez,

Edna. “Domestic Violence and the Criminal
Justice System: An Overview.” Online Journal of Issues in Nursing 7,
no. 1 (January 2002), http://www.nursingworld.org/ojin/ topic17/tpc17_3.htm
(accessed March 22,

2004).

Online magazine article:

Eric Boehlert, “Watch Your Mouth,” Salon,

March 19, 2004,

http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2004/03/19/fcc/

(accessed March 22, 2004).

Mouth.”

Boehlert, Eric.
“Watch Your Salon,
March 19, 2004,

http://www.salon.com/news/feature/2004/03/1/

fcc/
(accessed March 22, 2004).

Newspaper article online:

¹⁷Tanya
Schevitz, “Berkeley Parents
Reinvent School: Charter Program to
Focus on Ability Rather Than Age,” San Francisco Examiner, January 18, 1995, Wednesday; fourth edition, http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe/

document?_m=5b81f9bb972aef2e8ed34751f6d3002f&_docn
um=16&wchp=dGLbVlb-

zSkVA&_md5=a7ced40274280aa4a3ac6bed4cd2a53a
(accessed March 22, 2004).

News
items from daily
newspapers are
rarely listed in a bibliography or reference list, unless the newspaper is
referred to several times and constitutes a substantial part of the
documentation.

Online
Book Review article - online without print equivalent:

Jay
MacDonald, “Fantastic Voyage: Jasper Fforde Takes Readers on a Witty, Wild
Ride,” review of The
Well of Lost Plots, by Jasper
Fforde, BookPage: America’s Book Review (2004), http://www.bookpage.com/0403bp/jasper_fforde.html (accessed
March 22, 2004).

MacDonald,
Jay. “Fantastic Voyage: Jasper Fforde Takes Readers on a Witty, Wild
Ride.” Review of The
Well of Lost Plots, by Jasper
Fforde. BookPage: America’s Book Review (2004),
http://www.bookpage.com/0403bp/
jasper_fforde.html (accessed
March 22,

2004).

Online Book Review article – print equivalent, found in another online
resource:

Jayne
Anne Phillips, “Crowding Out
Death,” review of White
Noise, by Don DeLillo, New York Times Book Review (January 13, 1985), http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/LitRC?locID=u

cberkeley&frmhyp=1&srchtp=athr&c=2&PN=CLC0218DOC02
205&ai=23406&svdste=6&docNum=H1102180000&ST=don+de
lillo&bConts=16303&vrsn=3&OP=contains&ca=1&ste=120
&tab=1&tbst=arp&n=10 (accessed March 22, 2004).

Phillips, Jayne Anne.
“Crowding Out Death.”

Review
of White Noise, by Don DeLillo. New
York Times Book Review, January 13,
1985. http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/LitRC?l ocID=ucberkeley&frmhyp=1&srchtp=athr&c=2&PN=

CLC0218DOC02205&ai=23406&svdste=6&docNum=H11
02180000&ST=don+delillo&bConts=16303&vrsn=3&
OP=contains&ca=1&ste=120&tab=1&tbst=arp&n=10 (accessed
March 22, 2004).

In-Text Author-Date Parenthetical Citations
and Reference List System

Most of the rules and examples for notes and
bibliographies also apply using this system. Instead of footnotes or endnotes,
provide the page(s) quoted or referred to in brief parenthetical references
based on the author’s last name and date of publication. After the body of your
paper, you must also provide an alphabetized reference list.

Format
of In-Text Author-Date Citations

The
in-text citations are always enclosed in parentheses, and are composed of three
elements:

1.
The
first element consists of last name(s) of one, two or three authors. Use “and others” for more than three authors, as for notes and
bibliographies. If a work has no author, use the first words of the title in
the parenthetical reference and as the initial element in the reference list.

2. Follow the first element by the year of
publication, separated from the first element only by a space.

3.
Follow
the year by a comma, a space, and then the page or pages you are quoting or
referring to. Omit for works lacking pagination.

Format
of Reference List Entries

Except
as noted here, reference lists are organized following the same rules as
bibliographies:

1.
The
beginning of each reference list entry must correspond to the first name or
title word used in your in-text citations. This is to permit your reader to
quickly find each matching complete reference in the list.

2.
The
year of publication follows the author(s) or title (only if no author), and
must match the year used in parenthetical references. The year is not repeated
later in the reference as part of the publication information. Other date
elements (months, days) are left unchanged from the form used in
bibliographies.

3.
In
titles and sub-titles of works, capitalize only the first letter and proper
names (sentence case). In journal titles, capitalize all significant words
(title case).

Chicago and Turabian Style Rules Governing
the Examples Above

The general Chicago and
Turabian Style rules for the above are based are listed here:

•
General.
List the elements that
clearly identify the work’s author and title, its publisher, and date of
publication.. For online publications, add elements stating where you retrieved
the document and the date accessed, if required.

•
Punctuation.
Periods are generally used
between elements in references in bibliographies and reference lists. A colon
separates titles from subtitles, the place of publication from the publisher
name, and volume information from page numbers for journal articles. Quotation
marks are used around article and chapter titles.

•
Capitalization.
In bibliographies and
notes, capitalize the first letter of all significant words in titles and
subtitles of works and parts of works such as articles or chapters. In
reference lists, capitalize the first letter of all significant words only in
titles of periodicals, and capitalize only the first letter of the first word
(and any proper nouns) of titles and subtitles of articles, books, and
chapters, and corporate authors.

•
Font.
Italicize titles of
periodicals and books.

•
Abbreviations.
Use ed. or trans.
for “editor” or
“edited by” or “translator” or “translated by.”
“University” may be abbreviated to Univ. Months may be abbreviated. Be consistent throughout your paper with
whatever conventions you adopt.

•
Footnotes
and endnotes. Number
notes consecutively throughout your paper, beginning with one. Format is the
same for endnotes and footnotes. Endnotes should follow the body of the paper
and precede any appendices and the bibliography. In Turabian style, use
superscript ¹ for endnote and footnote numbers in the text and at
the beginning of each note. In Chicago style, the note number in the text is in
parentheses(1)and is followed by a period and space in the
note: 1. Note content.

•
Authors’
names. In bibliographies
and reference lists, only the first author’s last name is inverted (last name
first). First names should usually be provided when available. List all
authors’ names in a bibliography or reference list. In in-text parenthetical
references, list the last names of one to three authors; if more than three,
list the first followed by et al. Corporate
names as authors are written out.

•
Publication
place. If more than one
place is given, the first is generally sufficient. Do not abbreviate place
names. Give the city and state or country if the city is not well known for
publishing or is ambiguous.

•
Publisher.
Provide the exact publisher
name. Common names may be shortened (e.g., Scribner, Macmillan).

•
Publication
date. In notes and
bibliographies, the date of publication for books and most published works
follows the publisher name. For articles, it is part of the volume and issue
number statement (below). In reference lists, the year of publication
immediately follows the name(s) of the author(s). For works with no author or
editor, put the title first and follow it by the year of publication. If there
is no date available, state: n.d.

•
Volume
and Issue Numbers. For
periodicals with continuous pagination throughout a volume, provide only the
volume number and year. If issue begins with page 1, follow the volume number
with the issue number identified by “no.” or its name:

38,
no. 2 (1993):
12-17.

• Electronic
resources. Follow
rules that apply to equivalent parts of print resources as much as possible.
When in doubt, avoid italics and quotation marks and give as much information
as may be useful. Too much is better than too little.

o Authors of web pages. If not readily apparent, try to find and provide the name(s) of authors
or corporate author(s)

responsible
for the content. The objective is to attribute the content and to tell you
reader who provided the information. It is better to explain web pages without
apparent authorship than to provide insufficient information, leaving your
reader wondering.

o URL. Always
provide the URL if web-based. Break URLs only after a /.

o Dates for electronic resources. Include if required by your instructor.
Otherwise, omit dates accessed except for sites frequently updated, sites where
the content is known not to be permanent (most news and magazine sites), and time­sensitive data. Do not include the last date revised or
updated. If an access date is required, include it parenthetically at the
end: (accessed March 19, 2004).

o Pagination in electronic resources. When citing an online publication with an
equivalent print version, try to obtain and provide the page numbers used in
the print version. In documents without page numbers, add a descriptive locator
such as section heading or whatever is needed to allow your reader to find the
resource.

Need more help??

If
you have questions or citations not covered by the examples in this guide,
please consult one of the following official print guides. If you consult
other, less official manuals or online style guides that purport to explain
Turabian or Chicago styles, please be aware that these sometimes contain errors
which conflict with these official guides:

•
The
Chicago Manual of Style. 15th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003. Call number: Z253 .U69 2003 Ref (Moffitt reference and other locations)

•
Turabian,
Kate L. A
Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, 6th edition. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1996.

Call number: LB2369 T8 1996 (Doe & Moffitt reference & other
locations)

(8/14/06) JB