Notes
 Doublespace all lines. Indent the second and following lines 5 to 7 spaces or one half inch. Use one inch margins and Times New Roman 12-point font. Do not justify.- Arrange the items on your reference list alphabetically by the author’s last name, letter by letter, interfiling books, articles, etc. Items with no author are interfiled in this list by the first significant word of the title.
- Use only the initials of the authors’ first (and middle) names.
- If no author is given, start with the title and then the date. Note that some authors on the internet use a screen name instead of their real name and that an organization can also be an author (a “corporate author“). See examples under books, websites, and blogs.
- Article titles, book titles, and webpage titles: capitalize only the first word of the title and subtitle. (Capitalize all significant words of periodical titles andwebsite titles.)
- If the journal (or magazine) begins each issue with page one (paginated by issue), include the issue number (not italicized) if one is provided. If the journal continues the page numbering from issue to issue throughout the volume (paginated by volume), do not include it.
- DOI: Digital Object Identifier is a string of numbers (and/or letters) assigned to individual journal articles as well as to some other publications.
- Include the DOI for articles that you retrieve both online and in hardcopy.
- The database may provide the DOI as part of the citation, or you may have to look at the top or bottom of the first page of the article to find it.
- If a document has a DOI, then you do not need to include a website address (URL) or other retrieval information. Your readers can go to http://www.doi.organd use the DOI to locate the article.
- If you retrieve an article online or from a database, and it does not have a DOI, include the URL of the journal’s homepage at the publisher’s website (not the direct link to the article). You may have to use a search engine to find this website. If the URL to the journal’s homepage is too long and complicated, use the URL of the publisher’s homepage. This is a judgment call that you will have to make. Do not include the database’s name or URLinstead (unless you are accessing a dissertation, an ERIC document, or an older article from JSTOR).
- Older hardcopy journals will not have a DOI, and it can be left out.
- If you retrieve an online magazine, newspaper, book, or encyclopedia from one of our databases, include the DOI or URL as discussed above and as shown under the examples for journals.
- Websites:
- If no author is given, start with the title and then the date. Note that some authors on the internet use a screen name instead of their real name and that an organization can also be an author (a “corporate author“).
- If possible, include the month and day that the page was created.
- If a webpage is likely to change over time, such as a wiki or personal website, include the date that you looked at the page. Webpages that provide journal articles, books, or reports from publishing companies, professional associations, and government agencies are less likely to change and do not require retrieval dates. This is also a judgment call that you will have to make. The format for including a retrieval date comes from the APA Style Guide to Electronic References, 2007.
- If the date the page was created is not given, use (n.d.). See example under wiki.
- If the name of the website is the same as the name of the author, you do not need to include it a second time. This is especially likely to happen with the websites for government agencies and professional associations (see the examples for National Aeronautics and Space Administration). If the name of the website is obvious from the URL, you do not need to include it (another judgment call).
- If the URL does not fit on one line, divide it before any punctuation marks (except for the “http://“).
- If you are citing the web version of a hardcopy source, format it the same way that you would the hardcopy source and include the relevant retrieval information.
- The example for citing a PowerPoint presentation is adapted from the APA Style Guide to Electronic References, 2007.
- Parenthetical References:
- If there is no author, use the first few words of the title. Unlike citations in the reference list, capitalize all significant words. Article, chapter, and webpage titles are placed in quotation marks. Book, periodical, report, and brochure titles are placed in italics. Note that an organization can also be an author (a “corporate author“). (Also note that a webpage title may be italicized in the reference list at the end even though it is in quotation marks here.)
- If two authors have the same last name, include the first initial(s).
- Use only the year, even if the full citation in the reference list includes the month and day. If you cite the same source a second time in the same paragraph, you do not need to mention the year a second time.
- If there are no page numbers, you can count the paragraph numbers or list the name of a section or leave this information out if neither of these is practical.
- The rules concerning a title within a title are not displayed above in order to avoid confusing people. In these examples, Star trek would be italicized if it appears in the non-italicized title of an article and not italicized if it appears in the italicized title of a book (reverse italicization). See the example for Ebert under newspaper.
- Our website also has a guide to APA citation style that is tailored for international business sources.
- A little bit of additional information is available on the official website, APA Style.org.
- For documents and situations not listed here, see the printed version of the manual. If you are still unsure, Timothy McAdoo, on the official APA Style website, discusses The Flexibility of APA Style:
“Sometimes it’s okay to color outside the lines. Although the stylistic guidelines in the Publication Manual are meant to ensure consistency within scientific writing, we also recognize the importance of a writer’s good judgment. The trick is knowing when it’s okay to do your own thing. It’s even trickier when you know someone may be reading your paper with a red pen in hand!… If you’ve mastered the fine points of APA Style throughout a manuscript, your choices will be recognized as careful decisions, not oversights. So be sure to display your in-depth knowledge of APA Style in all other areas of your paper.”
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